This type of join lets you find the data in one table that doesn't exist in another table. It's an alternative to using NOT IN or NOT EXISTS in a WHERE clause like this:
SELECT p.PeopleID, p.Name
FROM dbo.People p
WHERE p.PeopleID NOT IN (SELECT n.PeopleID
FROM dbo.PhoneNumbers n
WHERE n.PeopleID IS NOT NULL);
Here's how you can accomplish the same goal using a left outer join with an exclusion:
SELECT p.PeopleID, p.Name
,n.PhoneNumberID, n.PeopleID, n.Number
FROM dbo.People p
LEFT JOIN dbo.PhoneNumbers n
ON p.PeopleID = n.PeopleID
WHERE n.PhoneNumberID IS NULL;