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The requirement is to add a new data node to a running Hadoop cluster; how do I start services on just one data node?

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You do not need to shutdown and/or restart the entire cluster in this case.

First, add the new node's DNS name to the conf/slaves file on the master node.

Then log in to the new slave node and execute -

$ cd path/to/hadoop

$ bin/hadoop-daemon.sh start datanode

$ bin/hadoop-daemon.sh start tasktracker

then issuehadoop dfsadmin -refreshNodes and hadoop mradmin -refreshNodes so that the NameNode and JobTracker know of the additional node that has been added.

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